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A PAX 'g' global extended header leads the stream, carrying archive-wide key=value records including a vendor-prefixed pair. Readers must apply it to every following member and must not list it as a file - a mistake that shows up as a phantom entry named 'pax_global_header'.
The same 1 MiB sparse file in the modern encoding: an 'x' extended header declares GNU.sparse 1.0 and the real name and size, and the segment map is decimal text at the beginning of the member's own data rather than in the header. A reader that honours the records must also strip the GNUSparseFile.0/ prefix from the name it reports.
A 125-character path whose long component contains no slash at all, so the USTAR prefix field cannot store it. This archive uses a preceding 'x' extended header carrying a path= record in UTF-8. Its group siblings encode the same class of path with the other two mechanisms.
PAX is the only tar variant that says what encoding its names are in: extended-header records are UTF-8 by definition. These three members carry accented Spanish and Japanese path components, so a reader that applies a locale-dependent guess instead of trusting the format produces mojibake on exactly this file.
share/current.csv is a symbolic link: typeflag '2', size 0, and the target carried in the header's 100-byte linkname field rather than in any data blocks. The target is relative and stays inside the archive, so extraction is safe with or without symlink support.
A complete tar with 218 bytes of plain text appended after the end-of-archive blocks. A reader must stop at those blocks; one that keeps scanning finds a block whose checksum does not verify and may report the whole archive as corrupt instead of ignoring bytes that were never part of it.
A uncompressed USTAR of a small source tree — for testing tar extraction and the TAR container. Member timestamps are fixed for reproducibility.
The 1988 POSIX format: 512-byte headers, octal numeric fields, names split across a 155-byte prefix and a 100-byte name, and no mechanism at all for anything that does not fit - including the access and change times its siblings carry. All three archives in this group hold byte-identical members with identical ownership and modification times, so any other difference a reader reports between them comes from the header encoding alone.
A 141-character path stored the only way plain USTAR can store one: split at a slash across the header's 155-byte prefix field and its 100-byte name field. Readers that ignore the prefix field report the truncated tail and write the file to the wrong place.
A tar carrying three ZIPs: two byte-identical and a third holding the same content stored rather than deflated. A deduplicating packer should notice the first two are the same object; a content-addressed one should notice all three extract to the same files.
A bzip2-compressed tar of a small source tree — for testing tar extraction and the TBZ2 container. Member timestamps are fixed for reproducibility.
A gzip-compressed tar of a small source tree — for testing tar extraction and the TGZ container. Member timestamps are fixed for reproducibility.
A xz/LZMA-compressed tar of a small source tree — for testing tar extraction and the TXZ container. Member timestamps are fixed for reproducibility.
Tiny intentionally corrupt TAR.ZST with preserved Zstandard magic and a deliberately damaged frame-header byte so strict decompressors reject it before extraction Stable P8 artifact p8-convert-tar-zst-intentionally-corrupt.
The empty tar under bzip2. Its payload is 1024 identical bytes, which is the run-length case bzip2's block sorter treats specially, so this doubles as the smallest sane bzip2 stream to test a decoder against.
The empty tar wrapped in gzip, which is what `tar czf` produces from an empty directory. The gzip header and trailer are still there and still have to parse, so this separates 'cannot read the codec' from 'read the codec and found nothing inside'.
Gzipped tarball SAMPLE companion for nested-archive conversion sets.
A gzipped tar whose second member is another gzipped tar. Tools that apply decompression greedily - gunzip until the bytes stop being gzip - skip straight past the outer tar and report the inner archive's two members as if they were the whole thing.
A Unix ar archive with three members — the simple format that backs static libraries (.a) and Debian packages (.deb). Hand-written to spec; for testing ar extractors and archive tooling.
Multi-record WARC 1.0 SAMPLE (warcinfo + responses + resource) for web-archive tooling.
A minimal WARC 1.0 web archive with a warcinfo record and an HTTP response record capturing a small HTML page — for testing WARC parsers and web-archive tooling.
A single text file compressed with xz/LZMA — the container-free codec on its own, for testing decompression and codec detection.
A ZIP whose every member uses compression method 8 (deflate). Its twin holds byte-identical content under the other method, so an extractor, a size estimator, or a repacking pipeline can be compared on the same payload with only the storage method changed.
A ZIP whose every member uses compression method 0 (stored). Its twin holds byte-identical content under the other method, so an extractor, a size estimator, or a repacking pipeline can be compared on the same payload with only the storage method changed.
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